Common name: Golden Spoon

Native to tropical America and the Caribbean, this fruit-bearing plant is a relative of the West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata) but varies widely in form and fruit quality. This has led botanists to debate whether it is a single species or a group of closely related species.

Depending on the type and growing conditions, it develops into a shrub 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall or a small tree up to 16 m (52 ft) with a short trunk supporting a wide-spreading or narrow crown. It is also variable in its adaptation, with some types adapted to dry savanna climates. In contrast, others grow naturally in wet, humid areas. The following description is limited to types adapted to moderately humid tropical environments, such as those found along central Mexico's Pacific coast.

The leaves are oval, up to 17 cm (6 in) long, rounded or pointed at the tip, prominently veined, dark glossy green above, pale green or reddish-brown underneath, and leathery. They are evergreen and remain on the plant year-round.

From spring to summer, which is the rainy season in its native range, small yellow flowers bloom in tubular-shaped clusters at the ends of the branches. They change colour as they age, from yellow to orange, then red, adding to their ornamental interest.

The flowers are succeeded by small, near-round fruit, 1.5 to 2.4 cm (0.6 to 1.0 in) in diameter with thin green skin that turns yellow or pale orange when ripe, mainly in summer to autumn. The pulp is near-white, juicy, and oily, and it clings to a large, hard stone that encloses one to three seeds. Less common is a purple-skinned, cone-shaped variety reported from Los Medina, in Nayarit, Mexico.

Edible uses

Natural flavouring - The fruit pulp has a unique, sour, bittersweet, astringent, and, for some, somewhat cheesy flavour. In its native range, it is used to flavour beverages, syrups, cordials, popsicles, and milk-based desserts, including ice cream and yoghurt.

Fruit in syrup or juice - It is also preserved whole in syrup

Fruit spread - ...and made into jams and jellies.

Material uses

Livestock forage - When they are ripe, the fruit falls to the ground, where it is collected, but any overripe or fermenting fruit is usually left for pigs or other livestock to forage on. Annual yields in commercial orchards range from 3,000 to 5,000 kg per hectare, or 2,700 to 4,500 lbs per acre.

Hardwood - The wood is heavy, averaging about 700 kg per cubic meter (44 lbs per cubic ft). It is generally available only in small-diameter roundwood

Firewood - ...and is primarily suitable for firewood

Charcoal - ...or charcoal.

Environmental uses

Bee forage - The flowers are rich in nectar and serve as bee forage in spring and summer. It is reported as a major honey plant in Venezuela and a minor honey plant elsewhere. Still, little information appears to exist on the honey itself.

Climate

Grows naturally in moderately humid subtropical and tropical lowland to mid-elevation climates, generally areas with annual lows of 17 to 25°C, annual highs of 26 to 35°C, annual rainfall of 1000 to 1800 mm and a dry season of 4 to 7 months.

Growing

New plants are usually started from seed, which remain viable for months under cool, dry storage conditions. It performs well on free-draining loam, sand and stony or limestone soils of a slightly acid to alkaline nature, generally with a pH of 6.0 to 8.5, and on sites with full to partial sun exposure. It has poor tolerance to slow-draining or permanently wet soils.

Problem features

No known problem features are associated with growing this plant. An initial assessment of its weed risk for Hawaii was inconclusive, with further screening and assessment to follow.

Books

• Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica, University of the West Indies, Mona, Greater Kingston

• Barwick, M., et al. 2004, Tropical & subtropical trees : a worldwide encyclopaedic guide, Thames and Hudson, London

• C.A.B. International 2013, The CABI encyclopedia of forest trees, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire

• Cassidy, F. G. & Le Page, R. B. 1980, Dictionary of Jamaican English, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridgeshire

• Crane, E., Walker, P. & Day, R. 1984, Directory of important world honey sources, International Bee Research Association, London, United Kingdom

• Croat, T. B. 1978, Flora of Barro Colorado Island, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California

• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 1986, Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species, 3 : Examples from Latin America, FAO Forestry Paper no 44/3, Rome

• Gargiullo, M. B & Magnuson, B. L. & Kimball, Larry D. 2008, A field guide to plants of Costa Rica, Oxford University Press, Oxford

• Janick, J., & Paull, R. E. 2008, The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire

• Kennard, W. C. & Winters, H. F. 1960, Some fruits and nuts for the tropics, Miscellaneous Publication No. 801, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Federal Experimental Station, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

• Little, E. L. et al. 1964 and 1974, Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (2 volumes), Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington D.C.

• Little, E.L. Jr. 1983, Common fuelwood crops: a handbook for their identification, McClain Printing Company, Parsons, West Virginia

• Martin, F. M., et al. 1987, Perennial edible fruits of the tropics : an inventory, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, D.C.

• Morton, J. F. & Dowling, C. F. 1987, Fruits of warm climates, Creative Resources Systems, Winterville, North Carolina

• Randall, R. P. 2002, A global compendium of weeds, R.G. and F.J. Richardson Press, Melbourne

• Randall, R. P. 2007, The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status, Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management, Glen Osmond, South Australia

• Scheffer, T. C & Morrell, J. J. 1998, Natural durability of wood : a worldwide checklist of species, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

• Sterling, D. 2014, Yucatán : recipes from a culinary expedition, First edition, Austin, TX University of Texas Press

• Vázquez, Y. C. 1999, Potentially valuable Mexican trees for ecological restoration and reforestation, Institute of Ecology, Database SNIB-REMIB-CONABIO, Project J084, Mexico

• Vozzo, J. A 2002, Tropical tree seed manual, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Washington D.C.